French revolution

French Revolution was a period in French history between the years 1789 and 1799 in which the democrats and supporters of republicanism impose absolute monarchy in France and forced the Catholic Church Romamenjalani radical restructuring.
Table of contents
Although France will then switch the system between the republic, empire, and monarchy for 1 month after the French First Republic fell in a coup carried out by Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution put an end to the ancien régime clearly (Indonesian: Old Regime; refer to as Valois dynasty and Bourbon) and becomes more important than the next revolutions that occurred in France.
A Cause
2 History
2.1 Etats-Généraux 1789
2.2 The National Assembly
2.3 The National Constituent Assembly
2.3.1 incursion into the Bastille
2.3.2 The abolition of feudalism
2.3.3 Dekristenisasi
2.3.4 The emergence of various factions
2.3.5 Towards a constitution
2.3.6 Toward the Civil Constitution of the Reverend
2.3.7 From the Bastille to the death of Mirabeau warning
2.3.8 Flight to Varennes
2.3.9 Self The last days of the Constituent National Assembly
2.4 Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy
2.4.1 Legislative Assembly
2.4.2 War
2.4.3 Constitutional Crisis
2.5 Conventions
2.6 Directorate
3 See also
3.1 Another Revolution in French history
4 Characters
Cause
anyak factors that led to this revolution. One of them is because of the attitude of the old order is too rigid in the face of a changing world. Other causes are due to a growing ambition and influenced by Enlightenment ideas of the bourgeoisie, peasants, workers, and individuals of all classes who feel hurt. While the revolution took place and the power shift from monarchy to legislative bodies, the conflicting interests of groups previously allied then becomes a source of conflict and bloodshed.
The causes of the French Revolution include the following:
Anger against royal absolutism.
Rage against the system seigneurialisme among the peasants, workers, and, to some extent, the bourgeoisie.
The rise of Enlightenment ideas
Uncontrolled national debt, which caused and exacerbated by the unequal tax system.
Bad economic situation, partly due to the involvement of France and the help of the American Revolution.
Scarcity of food in the months leading up the revolution.
Anger against the privileges of the nobility and dominance in public life by the ambitious professional classes.
Hatred against religious intolerance.
The failure of Louis XVI to deal with these symptoms effectively.
Proto-revolutionary activity started when the French king Louis XVI (reigned 1774-1792) faced a crisis fund empire. French royal family, which is financially the same as the French state, has a huge debt. During the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774) and Louis XVI several ministers, including Turgot (Comptroller General from 1774 to 1776) and Jacques Necker (Director-General of Finance from 1777 to 1781), proposes that the French tax system more uniform, but failed. The steps that have ongoing challenges of the parliament (law courts), which is dominated by "The Duke", who think of themselves as national guards against arbitrary government, and also of the court factions. As a result, the two ministers were eventually dismissed. Charles Alexandre de Calonne, who became Controller General of Finance in 1783, to develop strategies that open spending as a way to convince potential lenders about the confidence and financial stability of France.
However, after Callone conduct in-depth review of the financial situation of France, determined that it is not possible, and therefore he proposed a uniform land tax as a way to fix the French finances in the long run. In the short term, he hopes that the support of the elected Council Leading The king will mengemalikan belief in French finance, and can provide loans of up to tax the land began to give the results and allows repayment of the debt.
Although Callone convince the king of the importance of renewal, the Board of The Leading refused to support its policy, and insisted that the only institution truly representative, should the Estates-General (representatives of various groups) kingdom, can approve new taxes. King, who saw that Callone will be a problem for him, fired him and replaced him with Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, who was the leader of opposition in the House. Brienne now adopted a comprehensive reform, providing a variety of civil rights (including freedom of worship to the Protestants), and promises the formation of Etats-Généraux in five years, but it also tries to continue ssementara Calonne plan. When these measures opposed in the Parlement of Paris (in part because King is not wise), Brienne began to attack, tried to disperse the "parliament" and collect new taxes without caring about them. This led to the rise of mass resistance in many parts of France, including the "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble famous. More importantly, chaos across France convinced the short-term creditors. French Finance is very dependent on them to maintain daily activities to draw their loans, causing the country nearly bankrupt, and forced Louis and Brienne to surrender.
The king agreed on August 8, 1788 to collect the Estates-General in May 1789 for the first time since 1614. Brienne resigned on August 25, 1788, and Necker back in charge of the national finances. He used his position not to propose measures which the new reforms, but to prepare for the meeting of national representatives.
History
Etats-Généraux 1789
Etats-Généraux formation led to the development concerns of the opposition that the government would try to go around as he wishes to form a Council. To avoid this, ParlementParis, after returning to town with a victory, announcing that the Etats-Généraux must be formed in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the previous meeting.While it seems the politicians do not understand "the provisions of 1614" when they made this decision, it is generating excitement. Estates in 1614 consisted of the same number of representatives from each group and voting done by the order, namely the First Group (the clergy), Second Team (the nobles), and the third group (others), each getting one vote.
Soon after, the "Committee of Thirty", a body composed of liberal Parisians, began to agitate against it, demanding that duplicated the Third Group and the voting is done per head (as was done in a variety of regional councils). Necker, who speaks for the government, further acknowledge that Third Group should be doubled, but the problem of voting per head must be submitted to the meeting Etats own. But the anger generated by the dispute was still deep, and pamphlets, such as writing Abbé Sieyès Is The Third? who argued that the orders had privileges are parasites, and the third group is the nation itself, makes the anger remains.
When the Etats-Généraux meet in Versailles on May 5, 1789, long speeches by Necker and Lamoignon, in charge of storing the seal, not much help to provide guidance to the representatives, who returned to a separate meeting places to prove the panggotanya kredensi. Questions about whether the vote will eventually be a head or taken from any order once again ruled out for a while, but the third group is now demanding that the evidentiary kredensi itself should be done as a group. However, negotiations with other groups to achieve this does not work, because most of the clergy and the nobility continued to support voting represented by each order.
[] The National Assembly
For a clearer picture of the events of June 17 to July 9, 1789, see the National Assembly (Revolution).
On May 28, 1789, Romo Sieyès moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the Communes (Indonesian: "House of Commons"), started proving his own power and invited two other estate to take part, but not to wait for them. They started to do so, completing the process on June 17. Then they propose a far more radical step, self-proclaimed National Assembly, an assembly not of the estate, but from "the people". They invite other groups to join them, but then it seems clear that they tend to lead foreign affairs with or without them.
Louis XVI closed the Salle des Etats in which the assembly met. Assembly meetings were moved to the king of tennis courts, where they start saying they Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789), in which they agreed not to split up to provide a constitution for France. The majority of representatives of the clergy soon joined them, as did 57 members of the nobility. From June 27 the royal collection has been surrendered to the birth, although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles. Messages of support for the assembly to flow from Paris and other cities in France. On 9 July, the council was reconstituted as the National Constituent Assembly.
The National Constituent Assembly
Incursion into the Bastille
On July 11, 1789, King Louis, who acted under the influence of the conservative nobles privy council generally, as well as the queen Marie Antoinette, and saudaranyaComte d'Artois, throw reformist minister Necker and reconstruct the ministry as a whole. Most of the people of Paris, who thinks this is the start of the royal coup, helped to open melee.Several members of the military joined the audience; others remain neutral.
On July 14, 1789, after a four-hour battle, a mass occupying the Bastille prison, killing the governor, Marquis Bernard de Launay, and several bodyguards. Although the people of Paris freed only 7 prisoners; four forgers, two lunatics, and a dangerous sex offenders, the Bastille became a symbol of potential for the hated everything in the ancien régime. Back to the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), the mass of charged prévôt des Marchands (as mayor) Jacques de Flesselles of treason; murder happened on the way to a kangaroo courts in the Palais Royal.
The king and his military supporters backed down, at least since some time ago. Lafayette received command of the National Guard in Paris; Jean-Sylvain Bailly, president of the National Assembly in the Tennis Court Oath, became mayor under the new structure of government, known as a commune. King visited Paris, where, on July 27, he received kokade tricolor, as well as cries of vive la Nation "Country Life" changed to vive le Roi "Long live the King".
However, after this mess, the nobles, a little assured by the reconciliation between the king and the people are real and, as it proved, while, starting off from the country as émigré, some of whom began plotting civil war in the kingdom and instigated the European coalition against France.
Necker, who was recalled to his post, getting the victory did not last long. As an astute financier but rather a shrewd politician, he had too much to ask and produce a general amnesty, losing much of popular support in the real victory.
Towards the end of July melee and spirit of popular sovereignty spread throughout France.In rural areas, it is in the midst of them: some people burn the title deed, and not least there is Châteaux, as part of a general peasant uprising known as "la Grande Peur" (the Great Fear).
 The abolition of feudalism
On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly abolished feudalism, the Second Estate ketuanan rights and alms obtained by the First Estate. Within a few hours, a number of nobles, clergy, city, province, and the company lost privileges.
While there will be a sign of retreat, remorse, and many arguments over rachat au denier 30 ("the purchase redemption in 30 years") specified in the legislation Aug. 4, the problem is still stagnant, although the full process will happen in another 4 years.
Dekristenisasi
The revolution brought major changes to the rule of the Roman Catholic Church to the state. Applicable legislation in 1790 abolished the church authorities to tax the earth known as the Dime (alms), abolish special privileges for the clergy, and confiscated property geraja; under the ancien régime, the church has become the largest landowner in the country. Legislation to try and put the clergy under the state, making the domestic worker. Subsequent years saw violent repression against the priests, including the arrest and massacre of priests throughout Perancis.Concordat 1801 between Napoleon and the end of its dekristenisasi church and establish rules for the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until revoked by the Third Republic padapemisahan church and religion on December 11, 1905.
The emergence of various factions
Factions in the assembly began to appear. Jacques Antoine Marie nobility and clergy Cazalès Maury Jean-Sifrein lead that became known as the right wing against the revolution. "Royalists Democrat" or Monarchien, allied with Necker, the French tend to organize parallel lines similar to the model of the English Constitution: they included Jean Joseph Mounier, the Comte de Lally-Tollendal, Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, and Pierre Victor Malouet, Comte de Virieu.
"National Party" faction representing the center or center-left panel included Honoré Mirabeau, Lafayette, and Bailly, while Adrien Duport, Barnave and Alexander Lameth represent the views are more extreme. Which is almost alone in its radicalism on the left side is the Arras lawyer Maximilien Robespierre.
Sieyès led in proposing legislation of this period and successfully forged consensus for some time between the political center and left parties.
In Paris, a number of committees, mayors, council representatives, and individual districts claim that is free from the authority. Middle-class National Guard who is also rising prominence under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a force in her own right, as well as other assemblies which established themselves.
Looking at the model the United States Declaration of Independence, on August 26, 1789, the Assembly established the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. Like the U.S. Declaration, the declaration is made up of the constitution with a statement of principle rather than an official influence.
 To the constitution
The National Constituent Assembly not only serves as a legislature, but also as an agency to propose a new constitution.
Necker, Mounier, Lally-Tollendal, etc. does not work proposes a senate, whose members are appointed by the king on the nomination of the people. Most of the proposed upper house of aristocratic nobles elected by the nobles. Groups of people stated on that day: France would have the sole and unicameral assembly. King only has a "veto suspensif": it can delay the implementation of the law, but could not pull it out at all.
Paris folk group Royalists hinder efforts to repeal this new order: they marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789. After a number of fights and incidents, the king and royal family volunteering brought back from Versailles to Paris.
Assembly of the provincial system was replaced with 83 département, which was governed more or less uniform and equal in terms of area and population.
Originally called in to deal with financial crisis, until then this assembly to focus on other issues and only worsen the deficit. Mirabeau now led the movement to focus attention on this issue, with the assembly that provides a full dictatorship in finance at the Necker.
.
[] Toward the Civil Constitution of the Reverend
To a level that is no more narrow, the assembly focused on the financial crisis by asking the nation to take over church property (when facing the church expenses) through the law dated December 2, 1789. In order memonter a large number of property quickly, the government launched a new paper currency, assignats, diongkosi of the confiscated church lands.
Further legislation on 13 February 1790 abolished monastic promise. Reverend Civil Constitution, promulgated on July 12, 1790 (although not signed by the king on December 26, 1790), changing the priests who left as a public servant and asked them to swear allegiance to the constitution. Rev. Civil Constitution also makes the Catholic church as a secular state hands.
Responding to this legislation, the archbishop of Aix and the bishop of Clermont led the strike pastor of the National Constituent Assembly. The Pope had never approved the new plan, and this caused a split between clergy who took the oath demanded and received the new plan ("jurors" or "constitutional clergy") and "not a member of the jury" or "hard-hearted pastor" who refused to do so.
[] From the Bastille to the death of Mirabeau warning
The Assembly abolished the symbolic equipment ancien régime, bearing armor, etc.., Which further alienated the more conservative nobles, and added the rank of émigré.
On July 14, 1790, and a few days later, the crowd on the Champ-de-Mars to commemorate the fall of the Bastille; Talleyrand perform mass oath to "be loyal to the state, law, and the king"; the king and royal family actively participated.
The voters initially chose General Council members to serve in a year, but with the Tennis Court Oath, the commune has agreed to meet continuously until France has a constitution.Right-wing elements now proposing a new election, but Mirabeau win, insisted that the status of the assembly has changed fundamentally, and no new elections that occurred before the perfect constitution.
In late 1790, several riots broke out a small counter and a variety of businesses going to restore all or part of the army troops of the revolution which all failed. Royal court, in François Mignet's words, "encourage every counterrevolutionary activities and no longer recognized.
The military faces a number of internal turmoil: General Bouille managed to reduce a small rebellion, which raised his reputation (which is carefully) for the sympathizers of counterrevolution.
The new military code, by which promotion depends seniority and proof of competence (rather than nobility) to change some of the existing officer corps, which is joined with the rank of émigré or a counterrevolution from within.
This period witnessed the rise of a "club" of politics in French politics, the most prominent of which is the Jacobin Club: according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, 152 clubs affiliated with the Jacobins in tanggal10 August 1790. When the Jacobins became well-known organizations, some of the founders left to form Club '89. The royalist originally founded the Club des Impartiaux short-lived and then Club Monarchique. They never managed to try to persuade the people's support to find the name by distributing bread; a result, they often become the target of protests and even riots, and finally close the municipal government of Paris Club Monarchique in January 1791.
In the midst of intrigue, the council continues to strive to develop a constitution. A judicial organization made all the judges temporarily and free of the throne. Legislators abolished the derivative positions, except for the monarchy itself. Court jury begins to criminal cases.King will have a special power to propose war, then the legislator to decide whether or not war was declared. The Assembly abolished all trade barriers and eliminate the guild, ketuanan, and workers' organizations: everyone is entitled to trade through the purchase of the license; strikes became illegal.
In winter 1791, for the first time the assembly was considering legislation to émigré.Debate that pitted the country's security against the freedom of individuals to go. Mirabeau win over the measure, which he called "patutu placed in the code Drako.
However, Mirabeau died on March 2, 1791. Mignet says, "No one like it in terms of strength and popularity," and before the end of the year, the new Legislative Assembly would adopt the measure "drako" this.
[] Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI, who was opposed to the revolution, but rejected the possibility of harmful assistance to other European rulers, making unity with General Bouille, who blamed the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmedy.
On the night of June 20, 1791, the royal family fled to the Tuileries. However, the next day, the King is too sure of it with reckless show themselves. Identified and arrested at Varennes (in the Meuse département) in akhir21 June, he returned to Paris under escort.
Pétion, Latour-Maubourg, and Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave, representing the council, met members of the kingdom in Epernay and returned with them. From this time, Barnave Became adviser and supporter of the royal family.
On reaching Paris, the crowd remained silent. Assembly was temporarily suspending the king. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained placed under guard.
[] The last days of the Constituent National Assembly
With the majority of council members who still want a constitutional monarchy than a republic, a number of groups reached a compromise that allowed Louis XVI is nothing more than a puppet ruler: he was forced to swear to the constitution, and a decree states that revoked the oath, the military heads to declare war on the nation, or allow each person to do so in his name means a de facto abdication.
Jacques Pierre Brissot back up a petition, insisting that in the eyes of the nation Louis XVI was dropped since his escape. A large crowd gathered on the Champ-de-Mars to sign the petition. Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins gave fiery speeches. Assembly called for the municipal government to "preserve public order". National Guard under the command of Lafayette facing the crowd. The first time the soldiers returned fire by shooting into the air stone; the crowd did not disperse, and Lafayette ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, causing the killing as many as 50 people.
Immediately after the massacre, the government shut down many clubs patriots, such as radical newspapers such as L'Ami du Peuple's Jean-Paul Marat. Danton fled to England; Desmoulins and Marat fled into hiding.
Meanwhile, new threats from the outside appears: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, and the king's brother Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois issued the Declaration Pilnitz who considered the case of Louis XVI as their own case, asked for his release in full and the dissolution of the assembly, and promised to attack France on his behalf if the revolutionary government refused these terms.
If not, the statement directly endanger Louis. French people do not heed orders to foreign rulers, and military threats only lead to the militarization of the border.
n fact, before the "Flight to Varennes", the board members have determined to hinder themselves from the legislature that will replace them, the Legislative Assembly. Now they gather a number of constitutional law that have ratified them into a single constitution, showed remarkable fortitude in choosing not to use this as an opportunity for major revisions, and submit it to the restored Louis XVI at the time, who agreed, writing "I invitemaintain it at home, defend it from all external attacks, and cause its endorsement of course be placed on completion of my ". King praised the council and received enthusiastic applause from members and spectators. Assembly to end his term on September 29, 1791.
Mignet writes, "... the Constitution of 1791 was the work of the middle class, then the strongest; as well known as a dominating force ever takes possession of institutions ... In this constitution is the source of all the people, but did not implement anything.
Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy
Legislative Assembly
Under the Constitution of 1791, France serves as a constitutional monarchy. The king must share power with the elected Legislative Assembly, but he could still retain its veto and the ability to select ministers.
Legislative Assembly first met on October 1, 1791, and fell into a chaotic state next to less than a year. In the words of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: "In mencba rule, the assembly work at all. Tribunal had allowed the financial gap, indiscipline and naval forces, and depraved people by melee a safe and successful."
Legislative Assembly consists of approximately 165 members Feuillant (constitutional monarchists) on the right side, about 330 Girondin (liberal republicans) and Jacobins (radical revolutionaries) on the left side, and about 250 representatives are not affiliated with any faction.
From the beginning, the king vetoed legislation that threatened émigré with death and it was stated that the pastor must non-jury spent 8 days for civil oath mandated by the Civil Constitution of the Reverend. More than a year, disagreements over this will cause a constitutional crisis.
War
It brings the politics of the French inevitably toward war against Austria and its allies. The king, and Girondin Feuillant group especially wants war. The King (and many Feuillant with him) expected war would increase his popularity, he also predicted use of every opportunity to defeat: the results will make it stronger. Girondin group wanted to spread revolution throughout Europe. Only some radical Jacobins opposed war, preferring to consolidate and develop the revolution in the country. Austrian Emperor Leopold II, brother of Marie Antoinette, hoping to avoid war, but died on March 1, 1792.
France declared war on Austria (April 20 1792) and Prussia joined on the part of Austria a few weeks later. French Revolutionary Wars had begun.
After the initial skirmish was fierce for the French, which means the military battles of the war took place with the Battle of Valmy that occurred between France and Prussia (20 September 1792). Despite heavy rains hamper decisive resolution, the French artillery proved its superiority. However, from this period, France faced riots and the monarchy had become the past.
[] The constitutional crisis
On the night of August 10, 1792, the vandals, who is supported by a new revolutionary group Communion Paris stormed the Tuileries. The king and queen and eventually became prisoners of the Legislative Assembly to delay the hearing conferences monarchy: nothing more than a third deputy, almost all of them Jacobins.
What is left in the national government joined in support commune. When the commune sends a group of killers to jail for the butcher 1400 victims, and addressing circulars to other cities in France to follow their conth, the assembly can only launch a feeble resistance. This situation continues until the convention, which was asked to write a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792 and became the new de facto government in France. The next day the convention was abolished monarchy and declared a republic.This date was later adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Revolutionary Calendar.
[] The Convention
Legislative power in new republic fell to the Convention, while the executive power falls to rest in the Public Safety Committee. The Girondin became the most influential party in the convention and the committee.
For further explanation of the events of 20 September 1792 - September 26, 1795, see National Convention.
In the Brunswick Manifesto, the royal army and Prussia threatened retaliation to the French population if it hampers progress step or return of the monarchy. As a consequence, King Louis is seen conspiring with the enemies of France. January 17, 1793 witnessed the death claim to King Louis for "conspiracy against public liberty and public security" by a weak majority in Convention. Execution date of January 21 caused many wars with other European countries. Louis-born empress of Austria, Marie Antoinette, followed him to the guillotine on October 16.
When the battle grew fierce, prices rose and the sans-culottes (poor laborers and radical Jacobins) rebelled; counter-revolutionary activities began popping up in some areas. This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup, which is ridden by the strength gained by moving the public support for the Girondin faction, and by harnessing the power of the sans-culottes of Paris audience. Then the Jacobins and the communion elements sans-culottes to be an effective center for the new government.Become somewhat more radical policies.
Committee of Public Safety is under the control of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror (1793-1794). At least 1200 people met his death by guillotine, etc.; after accusations of counterrevolution. Just a little picture of counter-thoughts or activities (or, in the case of Jacques Hébert, revolutionary zeal exceeding the spirit of power) can cause a person suspected, and the court did not walk with care.
In 1794 Robespierre ordered figures are ultraradikal and moderate Jacobins executed; however, as a result, popular support eroded to it at all. On July 27, 1794, the French people revolted against the Reign of Terror that was too much in the Thermidor reaction, which causes a moderate member of the Convention impose the death penalty for Robespierre and several other leading members of the Committee of Public Safety. The new government was largely composed of Girondis who escaped the terror, and after taking power avenge the torture that is also made to the Jacobins who had helped drop Robespierre, banning the Jacobin Club, and sentenced to death a large number of former members on the so-called White Terror .
The Convention approved the "Constitution of Year III" on the new date August 17, 1795; a plebiscite ratified it in September; and took effect on September 26, 1795.
[] Directorate
The new constitution was inaugurated Directoire (Indonesian: Directorate) and created the first bicameral legislature in French history. Parliament consists of 500 representatives (Conseil des Cinq-Cents/Dewan Five Hundred) and 250 senators (Conseil des anciens / Senior Council). Executive power was transferred to a 5 "director", chosen yearly by the Conseil des anciens from a list provided by the Conseil des Cinq-Cents.
The new régime met with opposition from remaining Jacobins and royalists. Forces dampen insurgency and counter-revolutionary activities. In this way the army and the generals who succeeded, Napoleon Bonaparte gain more power.
On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire of the Year VIII) Napoleon held a coup which inaugurated the Consulate; this effectively start a dictatorship and eventually (1804) statement as the emperor, which brought close to the phase-specific republican during the French Revolution.
See also
French Revolutionary Calendar
French Revolutionary Wars
Glossary of the French Revolution
History of democracy
List of leaders of the French Revolution
List of figures who was awarded the status of respectable citizens of France during the French Revolution
Reactionary
The timeline of the French Revolution
[] Other in the history of the French Revolution
The July Revolution
1848 Revolution in France
Paris Commune of 1871
May 1968, a riot is pretty important, though not enough to say as a revolution
[] The characters
Some of the figures in the French Revolution:
Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, later became the King of Sweden
Jean-Paul Marat
Louis XVI of France
Louis XVII of France
Marie Antoinette
Napoleon Bonaparte
Voltaire